Architects+of+Federation+Style+-+Vic

=Architects of Federation Housing in Victoria= [Previous page: Australiana decoration in Federation houses Next post: Darley Road Randwick]


 * See also Architects Ussher and Kemp
 * See also Architect Walter Butler
 * See also Federation Architects of Sydney[[image:http://www.emelbourne.net.au/objects/images/mp009555.jpg width="420" height="285" align="right" caption="Winning designs for Grace Park Estate, Hawthorn"]]

Melbourne Architects
Architects Beverley Ussher and Henry Kemp were at the forefront of the development of the domestic Queen Anne in Melbourne and Australia.

Early buildings such as were instrumental in the development of the style to suit the typical suburban form which reached its peak in the first decade of the twentieth century.
 * Campion College (former Dalwraith) of 1906, (Studley Park Road, Kew) and
 * Woodlands of 1888 (Woodlands Street, Essendon)

Ussher's work falls into two categories,
 * the gabled design, usually a two storey form and
 * the hipped design where gables, on two co-ordinate points, project from an overall hip, usually a single storey form.
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-25fFdrgoxvA/UQLwfR1KYZI/AAAAAAAALLE/6M3-1P560N8/s128/The%20Gables%20Mansion%20and%20Gardens.jpg width="152" height="102" align="center" link="https://picasaweb.google.com/111063372849980216017/UssherAndKempQueenAnne#5837492487178576274"]]

The Gables Mansion ||

608 Riversdale Road CAMBERWELL || In general, Ussher's largest houses eg Dalwraith in Kew of 1906, adopt the gabled designs. These houses fall into the mansion category. It is the single storey designs, which usually apply to large houses rather than mansions which have developed into the distinctive Australian style, **Queen Anne Domestic** and which were the most popular in the first decade of the twentieth century eg
 * Hedges' residence, 1897 in Canterbury and
 * Clarke's residence in Toorak of 1897.

Ussher joined with Kemp and developed the style with the characteristic features of tiled hipped roofs, timber verandah decorations and a strongly three dimensional form with a corner emphasis. Several key practitioners worked within the style. Ussher and Kemp, Walter Butler, Christopher Cowper amongst others.
 * Download or view 'The So-Called Melbourne Domestic Queen Anne' by Georqe Tibbits[[file:Fed arch Historic Env vol2 iss2.pdf]]

> >
 * "Doneraile is a prototype for the emerging Federation villa. Its asymmetrical planning, strapwork chimneys, plain brick walling, pyramidal slate roof and Japanese turned timber detailing are all Federation characteristics, but were seen in combination in only a few houses prior to 1890. It is one of a limited number of prototypes that appeared in Melbourne during the period 1889-1892.
 * "Doneraile is a virtual compendium of very early Federation forms and detail; these components are combined with elegance and directness, and with a particular scale that was to recur throughout the Federation period.
 * "Doneraile is one of the key examples in Boroondara which demonstrate the shift toward Federation architecture, along with houses by Alfred Dunn and others in Oxley Road, Hawthorn, by Ussher and Kemp in Camberwell, Canterbury and Balwyn, and Christopher Cowper in Hawthorn. It is part of Boroondara’s contribution to the development of Federation architecture in Australia.."

"Younger (Melbourne) architects shared (an) interest in changeful, often asymmetrical forms and empathy. Melbourne suburb Hawthorn built subdivisions like the Grace Park Estate, which designs spoke of a well-to-do suburb.

But they focused on the emerging British and American arts and crafts 'Free Style' architectures, variously and inappropriately dubbed 'Queen Anne' or 'American Romanesque'. These...


 * expressed materials and interior circumstance more directly,
 * had freer internal plans and
 * accentuated structure and links to local climate, nature and even perceived social patterns.

"This shift was informed by national sentiment, and led to a new fusion, **Federation architecture**, evident in
 * more centralised plans where possible,
 * plain brick or timber exteriors,
 * complex roofs drawing wings and porches together under a hipped, tiled homestead form.

Image ©2011 Walking Melbourne //From// []... "From around 1887 Melbourne leaders were > >
 * **Alfred Dunn** in Hawthorn and Toorak,
 * **Christopher Cowper** in Hawthorn and Camberwell (Grace Park, Broadway),
 * **Arthur Fisher** in St Kilda,
 * **A.B. Rieusset** in Caulfield,
 * **Henry Kemp** and **Beverley Ussher** in Essendon, Kew and Canterbury.

After 1900

'Harold Desbrowe-Annear was one of the most innovative architects in Australia in the early twentieth century. > Trained in the heady days of Melbourne’s 1880s land boom and imbued with the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement, he was acclaimed by Robin Boyd as a pioneer of modernism. > > In his first book // Victorian Modern // published in 1949 Boyd wrote ‘Harold Desbrowe Annear was the first Australian-born to produce original architecture, a big bluff, hearty architect, who knew what he wanted, and saw that his clients got it.’ >  Anselm gallery  ||= Click to view ||= ||=  || "Anselm was designed by noted English born architect Robert Joseph Haddon(1866-1929) as his own house and constructed in 1906. A single storey Arts and Crafts influenced red brick house with attic, Anselm has a pyramidal slate roof with prominent chimney stacks. There is a octagonal corner tower with saucer shaped domed roof surmounted by a weather vane, and the tower has decorative terracotta panels immediately below the eaves line. The front door opens immediately into a large living or common room, screened from view by a timber and bottle glass screen.
 * **Harold Desbrowe-Annear** [See this page:]
 * **Robert Haddon**,
 * = [[image:6727.jpg]]

- Aust Dictionary of Biography > "Butler was rightly considered an architect of great talent, and many of his clients were wealthy pastoralists and businessmen. His country-house designs include ... > Blackwood (1891), near Penshurst, for R. B. Ritchie, > Wangarella (1894), near Deniliquin, New South Wales, for Thomas Millear, and > Newminster Park (1901), near Camperdown, for A. S. Chirnside. > Equally distinguished large houses were designed for the Melbourne suburbs: > Warrawee (1906), Toorak, for A. Rutter Clark; > Thanes (1907), Kooyong, for F. Wallach; > Kamillaroi (1907) for [|(Baron) Clive Baillieu] , and > extensions to Edzell (1917) for George Russell, both in St Georges Road, Toorak. > These are all fine examples of picturesque gabled houses in the domestic revival genre. " Aust Dictionary of Biography > moved to new levels of open planning, new materials and Art Nouveau balances of line and plane, while maintaining formal origins in Federation architecture. >
 * "Anselm is architecturally significant as an Arts and Crafts influenced villa and as an example of the work of architect Robert Haddon, which combines elements characteristic of much of his work including the corner tower, decorative Art Nouveau style terra cotta work" - []
 * "His design for his own residence, Anselm, 4 Glenferrie Street, Caulfield (1906), combined elements characteristic of much of his work; balanced asymmetry, the use of towers, bays and bull's-eye windows, steep roofs, attic rooms, open planning and applied decoration in the form of terracotta patterned tiles and florid wrought iron. His principles were closely allied with those of the English Arts and Crafts architects who were propounding simplicity, originality, craftsmanship, structural honesty and a national sentiment."
 * **Nahum Barnet**,
 * **Walter Butler**,
 * **Rodney Alsop** and others

1. Large Residential Designs
The following illustrations of large residential designs and citations are from "Walking Melbourne" Image ©2011 Walking Melbourne
 * [|Mitre Tavern] [|1900] ** Built: ** 1900 - 1910 || [[image:Mitre_Tavern.jpg width="353" height="268" caption="Mitre Tavern 1900-1910"]]English Queen Anne style additions were constructed using Marseille pattern terra cotta tiles on a gable roof with half timbered gable ends.

The Mitre Tavern is historically significant as an early Melbourne hotel which has been popular amongst Melbourne's business and artistic community since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century it was the favourite meeting place of theT Square Club, an informal group of architects and artists. || The Mitre Tavern at Bank Place is a two storey cement rendered brick structure on a bluestone base. The building probably dates back to pre-1850 but it was not established as the Mitre Tavern until 1867 when the first publican was Henry Thompson. In the 1870s the building is listed in rate books with between fourteen and sixteen rooms, which become eighteen rooms by 1895. This two-storey hotel has externally been altered a number of times, most significantly in the early twentieth century when it was given its faintly medieval appearance, including window shutters. Alterations also included English Queen Anne style additions into the structure, notably Marseille terra cotta tiles and the half-timbered gable ends.

 Listed with the Victorian Heritage Register H0464 || 473-475 ST KILDA ROAD Architect: Arthur Peck ||  Image ©2011 Walking Melbourne Large Edwardian mansion with curved features and prominent gables. <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">The construction of the verandah is unusual, incorporating concrete columns faced with faience ( <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">a glazed non-clay ceramic material. It is composed mainly of crushed quartz or sand) <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">as permanent formwork. || Built in the Edwardian period in the Edwardian Baroque style
 * Majella Mansion
 * Built: ** 1913
 * Built: ** 1913

<span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Majella was built in 1913 for James Alston to the design of architect Arthur Peck. Majella is a large house set well back from St Kilda Road by a garden and circular driveway. <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">It is a two storey red brick residence asymmetrically composed with a terra cotta tile roof, bay windows and half timbered and stuccoed gable ends. The two storey verandah and balcony incorporate glazed terra cotta faience panels, paired Ionic columns constructed of reinforced concrete and a simple timber balustrade. Expanses of red brickwork are relieved by rendered lintels to the openings. <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Majella is architecturally significant as a late expression of Arts and Craft architecture. || <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Residential use of Majella ceased in 1943 on the death of James Alston, since when it has been occupied by a number of commercial and government bodies, including the Australian Broadcasting Commission between 1951 and 1972 <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Listed with the <span style="font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0783 || 70 Queens Road Architect: William Pitt || || This large mansion reads as a an Edwardian terrace from its southern side with a long timbered verandah divided into ornate bays and sections with a <span class="IL_AD" style="line-height: 19px;">pavillion styled roofline. || Architects: Ward and Carelton || <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Internally the British Arts and Crafts movement inspired the tiled mantels, foliated leadlight patterns, fretted decorative trusswork and stained timber wainscotting. Extant elements include the linoleum floor in the hallway; the main bathroom, complete with pressed metal dado, glazed tiling, bath and washbasins; the built-in linen cupboards at the top of the rear stairs; and the stencilled Evangelical inscriptions on the walls of the dining room and reception room. || A range of arts and crafts influences including Tudor and American Romanesque, featuring red <span class="IL_AD">brick and terracotta tiled roof. <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">St Hilda's is a two storey house constructed of red brick relieved by panels of terra cotta with large areas of the exterior of the first floor covered in roughcast. The building possesses elements derived from the English Elizabethan, Romanesque and Norman periods of architecture. Half-timbered gables, arcading and cushion column capitals express these influences, whilst the corner tower with its flared eight sided spire and walls and the roof terracotta grotesques (eg eagle) are typical of the grander so-called Queen Anne style residences of the Federation period. ||
 * || [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-z7PlGOyL0Uw/UIXACza0ynI/AAAAAAAAEoY/tSaJCAXkq8M/s580/majella-vhr-4246.jpg width="348" height="259"]] || <span style="display: block; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Internally there is an impressive staircase in the wood panelled entrance hall, leadlighting to the bow windows, and various original fittings throughout.
 * Avalon Mansion
 * Built: ** 1903
 * St. Hilda's House
 * Built: ** 1907
 * Built: ** 1907

2. Local Residential Designs
//These featured houses are from the "Review of B-grade Buildings in Kew, Camberwell & Hawthorn" which is prepared by the city of Boroondara as a contribution to the development of Federation ( architecture).//

The Bungalow, (became) the major suburban mode of (domestic housing) around 1915-26.
>
 * [[image:Preston_architect_home.jpg align="right" caption="Canterbury home of architect C H Richardson"]]Federation form was simplified to basically four-square 'servantless houses'.
 * Open corners or porches replaced return verandahs, and a new horizontality and Japanese detailing stemmed from an influential US Bungalow movement.

Melbourne Bungalows differed from their generally more solid and densely packed Sydney counterparts,
 * had a heavier grain than Brisbane stump-house Bungalows and
 * were tighter - visually and physically - than spreading Adelaide Bungalows.
 * Contained and sheltering, they fitted Australia's inward-turning 1920s mood and were usefully cheap in that uneven economy.
 * Bungalows proliferated in subdivisions of ostensibly older suburbs like Richmond, Brunswick and Northcote,
 * and dominated bayside housing from St Kilda to Portsea.

Leading architects included **Marcus Barlow**, the **Tompkins brothers**, **G.B. Leith** and the State Savings Bank office.

Designer-builder real estate firms, from **Dunlop & Cornwell** in Murrumbeena to **Algernon Elmore** in Blackburn, extended packaged design and financing that marks housing construction to this day.
 * The Bungalow could stretch to churches (Mount Pleasant Uniting, Nunawading, 1917; Church of Christ, Balwyn, 1926),
 * railway stations (Mentone, Hampton),
 * and even walk-up flats - 'Manhattan bungalows' - in Prahran and South Yarra.
 * They were not simply one-storeyed: 'Bungalow' meant informal, healthy living and shelter at day's end, resonant notions after the Great War and its influenza pandemic.

Bungalow form was moderated by other, conspicuously applied styles later in the 1920s and the early to mid-1930s. These included
 * suburban Tudor and French Provincial modes, and
 * Spanish Mission gained lustre from Hollywood, a new metropolis for Australia's imagination.

Subdivisions in the 1920s and 1930s such as the Golf Links and Hassett estates in Camberwell and fringe suburbs - East Malvern, Ashburton and Ivanhoe - all reflected this shift.