Index+to+Australian+Garden+Styles

= Classifying Australian Garden Styles =

[Previous Post: Malmo, Bendigo .... Next Post: ] toc This post follows from the post: Index to Heritage Gardens

This post uses an evidence-based typology from established sources.and is still //under construction.// //Theories of Garden Styles are elaborated far below...//

Sources of Australian Garden Styles

 * ~  ||~ Title ||~ Author ||~ Publisher ||~ City ||~ Date ||~ Media Type ||~ Search Code ||~ Styles Listed ||
 * 1. || The Garden of Ideas: Four Centuries of Australian Styles || Richard Aitken || Miegunyah Press || Melbourne || 2011 || Book || GOI || 9 ||
 * 2. || The Great Gardens of Australia || Howard Tanner, Jane Begg || Macmillan || South Melbourne || 1976 || Book || GGA || 12 ||
 * 3. || The Open Garden: Australian Gardens... || Louise Earwaker, Neil Robertson || Allen & Unwin || St Leonards, Sydney || 2000 || Book || OGA || 6 ||
 * 4. || Period Gardens: Landscapes for Houses with History || Myles Baldwin, Simon Griffiths (photography) || Murdoch Books || Millers Point, Sydney || 2008 || Book || PG || 8 ||
 * 5. || Gardens in Australia || Sarah Guest, Simon Griffiths (photography) || New Holland || Sydney || 2013 || Book || GIA || 27 ||
 * 6. || Australia's Timeless Gardens || Judith Baskin, Trish Dixon || National Library of Australia || Canberra || 1996 || Web || ATG || 9 ||
 * 7. || Garden Style || Penelope Hobhouse || Georgian House || Melbourne || 1988 || Book || GS || 6 ||
 * 8. || Planting Dreams: Shaping Australian Gardens || Richard Aitken || NewSouth Press, State Library NSW || Sydney || 2016 || Book || PD || 9 ||

Source 1: The Garden of Ideas: Four Centuries of Australian Styles (GOI)
Code ||~ Page ||~ Date ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source
 * 0. || Imagining the Australian Garden || Temperate || Visionary || English || Slopes and Plains || Rural || high ||  || GOI || pp.1-28 || 1600s-1800s ||   ||
 * 1. || Parkland || Temperate || Landscape || English || Slopes and Plains || Rural || high ||  || GOI || pp.29-50 || 1600s-1800s ||   ||
 * 2. || Colonial Modernism || Temperate || Picturesque || English || Plains || Townscape || high ||  || GOI || pp.51-78 || 1780s-1820s ||   ||
 * 3. || Botanical virtuosity || Temperate || Horticulture || English || Gardens and Estates || Town and Country || high || Nineteenth Century: food and botanical influences || GOI || pp.79-100 || 1830s-1850s ||  ||
 * 4. || Scenic effect || Temperate || Picturesque || English || Gardens and Estates || Town and Country || high ||  || GOI || pp.101-130 || 1860s-1880s ||   ||
 * 5. || Cities, Gardens and Beauty || Temperate || Picturesque || English || Cities and Gardens || Townscape and Gardens || high ||  || GOI || pp.131-156 || 1880s-1920s ||   ||
 * 6. || Modernism, Functionalism and Naturalism || Temperate || Gardenesque || English || Cities and Gardens || Towns and Cities || moderate to high ||  || GOI || pp.157-182 || 1920s-1960s ||   ||
 * 7. || Australian-plant gardens || Temperate || Nationalism || Australian || Cities and Gardens || Towns and Cities || low to moderate || A Short History of Australian Garden Design || GOI || pp.183-208 || 1920s-1970s ||  ||
 * 8. || Many varieties of Gardens || Temperate and Tropical || Gardenesque || Australian || Cities and Gardens || Towns, Cities and Rural || low to high ||  || GOI || pp.209-227 || 1980s-2010s ||   ||

Source 2: **The Great Gardens of Australia ** **(GGA)**

 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source Code ||~ Page ||~ Date ||
 * 1. || Plant introduction || Temperate || Visionary || English || Coastal || Orchard || High ||  || GGA || pp.10-11 || 1780s-1840s ||   ||
 * 2. || Sydney Botanic Gardens || Temperate || Horticulture || English || Coastal || Botanic || Medium-High ||  || GGA || pp.12-16 || 1816 ||   ||
 * 3. || Squared gardens, Cottage Gardens || Temperate || Vernacular || English || Townscapes || Towns and Cities || Medium-High || A Short History of Australian Garden Design || GGA || pp.17-20 || 1780s-1830s ||  ||
 * 4. || Thomas Shepherd, Landscape Movement || Temperate || Landscape, Picturesque || English || Rural || Towns and Rural || Medium || Thomas Shepherd's pioneering Lectures on Landscape || GGA || pp.21-24 || 1820s-1840s ||   ||
 * 5. || The Picturesque || Temperate || Landscape, Picturesque || English || Townscapes, Rural Estates || Towns and Rural || Medium || Picturesque - Wikipedia || GGA || pp.25-26 || 1800s-1850s ||   ||
 * 6. || Alexander Macleay, Horticultural Societies and Gardenesque || Temperate || Horticulture || English || Botanic Gardens || Towns, Cities || High || Alexander Macleay - Wikipedia; Picturesque and Gardenesque Styles 1790; Alexander Macleay as recounted to Camellia News; 'Alexander Macleay from Scotland to Sydney’ by Derelie Cherry; || GGA || pp.27-29 || 1826-1836 ||  ||
 * 7. || Mid Century - The Triumph of the Gardenesque || Temperate || Horticulture, Gardenesque || English || Townscapes || Towns, Cities || High ||  || GGA || pp.30-33 ||   ||   ||
 * 8. || Victorian Pleasure Grounds || Temperate || Gardenesque || English || Cities || Towns, Cities ||  ||   || GGA || p.34 ||   ||   ||
 * 9. || The Hill Stations || Dry - Temperate || Landscape || English || Rural || Hills || Dry-Medium ||  || GGA || pp.35-36 ||   ||   ||
 * 10. || William Guilfoyle, the Melbourne Botanic Gardens and the Grand Landscape || Temperate || Landscape || English || Cities, Rural || Hills and Plains || Medium || William Guilfoyle || GGA || pp.37-41 ||  ||   ||
 * 11. || Landscape of the Dead || Temperate || Landscape || English || Cities || Towns, Cities || Low ||  || GGA || p.42 ||   ||   ||
 * 12. || The Suburban Garden, a 20th Century phenomenon || Temperate || Vernacular || Australian || Town and City || Towns, Cities || Low-Medium ||  || GGA || p.43 ||   ||   ||
 * 13. || The Edwardian Garden || Temperate || Colonial, Mediterranean, Georgian || European, English || Town and City || Towns, Cities || Medium-High ||  || GGA || p.44 ||   ||   ||
 * 14. || The Bush Garden || Temperate || Landscape || Australian || Town || Rural, Town and City || Low ||  || GGA || p.45-46 ||   ||   ||
 * 15. || Edna Walling and Ellis Stones || Temperate || Natural || Australian || Town, Rural || Town, City and Rural || Low || Edna Walling; Ellis Stones || GGA || p.48 ||  ||   ||
 * 16. || Sydney Designers || Temperate || Garden Rooms || European || Town, Rural || Town and Rural || Low-Medium ||  || GGA || pp.49-50 ||   ||   ||
 * 17. || The Australian Garden Today || Temperate || Landscape || Natural || Town, City || Towns and Cities || Low ||  || GGA || p.52 ||   ||   ||

Source 3: The Open Garden: Australian Gardens (OGA)
Code ||~ Page ||~  || **Source 4:** ** Period Gardens: Landscapes for Houses with History ** **(PG)** Code ||~ Page ||~  ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source
 * 0. || Informal || Harsh || Inland || English || Plains || Rural || Medium || Open Gardens Australia || OGA || p.x ||   ||   ||
 * 1. || Historic || Temperate || Cool Climate || English || Plains || Rural || Medium || William Guilfoyle || OGA || p.1 ||  ||   ||
 * 2. || Natural || Temperate || Horticulture || Australian || Varied || Towns || Medium || Michael McCoy || OGA || p.42 ||  ||   ||
 * 3. || Tropical || Tropical || Warm humid || Asian || Coastal || Coastal || Medium-High || Dennis Hundscheidt || OGA || p.80 ||  ||   ||
 * 4. || Framed || Temperate || Picturesque || Formal || Townscape || Towns || Medium || Penny Rudduck || OGA || p.114 ||  ||   ||
 * 5. || Battler || Harsh || Desert || Hardship || Plains || Inland || Low || [|Geoff Miers] || OGA || p.150 ||  ||   ||
 * 6. || Native || Dry || Natural || Australian || Varied || Inland || Low || Merv Hodge || OGA || p. 206 ||  ||   ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source
 * 1. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

Source 5: Gardens in Australia (GIA)
Code ||~ Page ||~  ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source
 * 1. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

Source 6: Australia's Timeless Gardens (ATG)
Code ||~ Page ||~  || **Source 7:** ** Garden Style ** **(GS)** Class ||~ Visual Dominance ||~  ||~ Climate ||~ Topography ||~ Genre ||~ Search Code ||~ Page ||~  ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Climate ||~ Genre ||~ Tradition ||~ Topography ||~ Setting ||~ Water Use ||~ Reference ||~ Source
 * 1. || Picturesque || Temperate || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Medium ||  || ATG || pp.16-19 ||   ||   ||
 * 2. || Gardenesque || Temperate || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Medium ||  || ATG || pp.20-22 ||   ||   ||
 * 3. || Cottage Garden || Temperate || Utilitarian || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Medium ||  || ATG || pp.23-24 ||   ||   ||
 * 4. || Dry Climate || Temperate || Landscape || Englsih || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low ||  || ATG || pp.25-26 ||   ||   ||
 * 5. || Tropical || Tropical || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low ||  || ATG || pp. 27-31 ||   ||   ||
 * 6. || Victorian || Temperate || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low ||  || ATG || pp.32-34 ||   ||   ||
 * 7. || Botanic Gardens || Temperate || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low-Medium ||  || ATG || p.35 ||   ||   ||
 * 8. || William Guilfoyle || Temperate || Landscape || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || low-Medium ||  || ATG || pp.36-38 ||   ||   ||
 * 9. || Cottage Garden || Temperate || Utilitarian || English || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low-Medium ||  || ATG || pp.37-48 ||   ||   ||
 * 10. || Federation Garden || Temperate || Suburban || Australian || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low-Medium ||  || ATG || pp. 49-52 ||   ||   ||
 * 11. || Formal Garden || Temperate || Suburban and Rural || Australian || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low-Medium ||  || ATG || pp.53-55 ||   ||   ||
 * 12. || Native mixed Gardens || Temperate || Suburban, City || Australian || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Low ||  || ATG || pp.56-58 ||   ||   ||
 * 13. || Gardenesque || Temperate || Suburban, Homestead || Australian || Hills and Plains || Town and City || Medium ||  || ATG || pp.59-61 ||   ||   ||
 * 14. || Edna Walling || Temperate || Landscape || Australian || Hills and Plains || City, Rural || Medium ||  || ATG || pp,62-64 ||   ||   ||
 * 15. || Jocelyn Brown || Temperate || Landscape || English || Town || Township || Medium ||  || ATG || pp.65 ||   ||   ||
 * 16. || Paul Sorenson || Temperate || Landscape || Horticulture || Mountains,Plains || Rural || Low ||  || ATG || pp.65-66 ||   ||   ||
 * 17. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Water
 * 1. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

Source 8: Planting Dreams: Shaping Australian Gardens (PD)
Class ||~ Visual Dominance ||~  ||~ Climate ||~ Topography ||~ Genre ||~ Search Code ||~ Page ||~  ||
 * ~ No. ||~ Name ||~ Water
 * 1. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

Garden Genres
Stephanie Ross, in her book '**What Gardens Mean**' (p.82) writes: [1]
 * [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WYuUgV1G4lgxONbjAZG4UNfrMlK0-8xJXh6yNDVWxvN8d0KmYC2dxGDTTlwU9VcCii7Wv4qU47eRQLU=w2400-h1350-rw-no caption="Stephanie Ross, from her book 'What Gardens Mean' (p.82)" link="@https://books.google.com.au/books?id=b3vpX9RxtQwC&lpg=PA83&ots=t8cRi-jAHk&dq=classify%20garden%20styles&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false"]] ||
 * Stephanie Ross, from her book 'What Gardens Mean' (p.82) ||

Dominance
Ross Nevette, author of the blog "Landscape Design" argues that the most obvious way of defining gardens, would be to look for the ** defining dominance ** in the design of the garden. > (Tropical, Indigenous/native, English Country, Natural, Collector, //Alpine, Cool Climate, Desert//) > (Zen, Feng Shui, Modern, //National//) > (Formal, Contemporary, Minimalist, //Geometric, Knot, Parterre//) > (Lawn for playing, Parking Area, Patio, //Kitchen, Orchard, Flower picking, forestry//)
 * **Plant dominance -** Where the garden's essence is about the plants themselves
 * **Concept dominance** - These gardens revolve around an idea or concept
 * **Structure dominance** - These gardens have strong shape and/or geometry
 * **Function dominance** - Where the function of the garden takes precedence

This defining dominance would be primarily ** visual **.
 * //I have added examples// //(in Italics) above.//

Academic Styles
As the indomitable Gertrude Jekyll said when writing about
 * **line, form and group** ... "if these qualities are secured, the result in after years will be a poem; if they are neglected they will be nothing but a crop!" [2]

The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens argues that the particular characteristics, or common determinants, upon which differences in style are judged are the use of >> and
 * **FORM:** conventions, materials, techniques, motifs, relationships between forms or motifs, and qualities of expression. [3] reduced to
 * **components** - both built and plant features
 * **arrangements** - layouts
 * **characters** - ambiance, visual qualities,


 * **CONTENT:**
 * philosophies, beliefs, ideas and intentions behind the above forms.

The Three Styles
Three assemblages of styles are perceived in // A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: // >>> //The High  Baroque style  of garden ////desig//n, >>> //Xeriscaping for minimal care and less water;// >>> //Green walls - Vertical gardens by Patrick Blanc//
 * **High Styles** by (Landscape) Architects, such as

>>> Garden rooms, massed borders, white gardens, rose gardens. >>> e.g. French or Italian garden styles in Australia, window boxes.
 * **Popular Styles:** //when elements of one or more contrived styles are borrowed or used, such as//
 * //Sometimes these are used anachronistically, incorrectly, incompletely, or out of context//

>> by stable, self-sufficient (//local//) communities where choice is severely limited; and sound design solutions have evolved by trial and error. >>>
 * **Vernacular** //(by the ordinary people of a country or region)//
 * Community Gardening, Rockery Gardens, Pot plant gardens, Roof top gardens, cactus gardens.

Design Fundamentals
The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens allows that a fundamental three-fold design system is used to describe gardens and landscapes: > //Loudon's*// style:**Modern** (informal, naturalistic//)//;//Kemp's//style:**Gardenesque** (mixed, middle style) > Loudon's //style: **Ancient,**// Kemp's// style: **Geometric**// > //Kemp's// style: **Picturesque** (naturalistic)
 * **Informal -** irregular, romantic such as **Cottage Gardens** and **Bush Gardens;**
 * **Formal** - regular, classical, such as **Italianate**, and **City Beautiful;**
 * **Utilitarian** - the only form of vernacular in Australia - such as **Kitchen Gardens, Orchards, Forestry Plantings, vineyard.**
 * J.C.Loudon, //An Encyclopædia of Gardening// (1835)
 * [|Edward Kemp - Wikipedia] //How to Lay Out a Garden// (1864)